caselaws.org
Supreme Court of India
Rajendra Singh vs National Insurance Company Ltd. on 18 June, 2020Author: Navin Sinha
Bench: Rohinton Fali Nariman, Navin Sinha, B.R. Gavai
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 2624 OF 2020
(arising out of SLP (Civil) No(s). 13964 of 2018)
RAJENDRA SINGH AND OTHERS …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY
LIMITED AND OTHERS ..RESPONDENT(S)
WITH
CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 2625 OF 2020
(arising out of SLP (Civil) No(s). 16261 of 2018)
RAJENDRA SINGH …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY
LIMITED AND OTHERS ..RESPONDENT(S)
JUDGMENT
NAVIN SINHA, J.
Leave granted.
2. The High Court by the impugned order dismissed two
appeals arising from separate orders of the Motor Accident
Signature Not Verified
Claims Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Tribunal’) deciding
Digitally signed by
SUSHMA KUMARI
BAJAJ
Date: 2020.06.18
16:50:13 IST
Reason:
1
two accident compensation claims. The appellants had claimed
further enhancement of compensation.
3. The deceased in the first appeal was a housewife aged about
30 years. The second deceased was her daughter aged about 12
years. The claimants are the husband/father of the deceased and
three minor siblings. The two deceased on 25.12.2012 were
travelling in a horse cart along with some others to a religious
congregation. The horse cart was hit by a bus resulting in their
death. The Tribunal assessed the notional income of the first
deceased at Rs.36,000/ per annum and after 1/4 th deduction
towards personal expenses, with a multiplier of 17 awarded a
compensation of Rs.4,59,000/. The Tribunal then deducted 50%
on ground of contributory negligence as the horse cart was stated
to have been in the middle of the road when the accident took
place. A sum of Rs.1,00,000/ was then added as loss of
consortium and Rs.25,000/ towards funeral expenses leading to
an award total of Rs.3,54,500/ with interest at the rate of 7.5%.
4. In so far as the minor child is concerned, the notional
income was assessed at Rs.36,000/ per annum, applying a 50%
2
deduction towards personal expenses with a multiplier of 15, the
compensation was awarded at Rs.2,70,000/ out of which 50%
was again deducted towards contributory negligence. A sum of
Rs.25,000/ was added towards funeral expenses, leading to an
award total of Rs.1,60,000/ with interest at the rate of 7.5%.
5. The appeal for enhancement of compensation was dismissed
by the High Court and thus the present appeals.
6. Learned counsel for the appellant submits that the notional
income of the first deceased has been wrongly fixed ignoring her
income of Rs.5000/ per month from dairy farm business.
Nothing has been awarded towards future prospects. With
regard to the second deceased it was submitted that she was
studying in a school and her notional income should have been
assessed at Rs.54,000/ per year. Nothing has been awarded
towards loss of estate, loss of consortium and funeral expenses.
The common submission in both the appeals was that deduction
on ground of contributory negligence was unsustainable and
unjustified. Reliance was placed on Kajal vs. Jagdish Chand
& Ors., AIR 2020 SC 776, to contend that the income of the
3
deceased child should have been assessed at Rs.4846/ per
month.
7. Learned counsel for the respondents submitted that the
present appeals do not merit interference. There is no evidence
with regard to the claimed business income of the first deceased.
The finding of contributory negligence merits no interference. In
absence of any proof of income, the question of future prospects
simply does not arise. Similarly, the second deceased was a
minor school going child who also had no income and therefore
the question for grant of future prospects with regard to her also
does not arise.
8. We have considered the submission on behalf of the parties.
No evidence has been led by the appellant with regard to any
income of the first deceased from dairy business. The deceased
were travelling in a horse cart along with others to a religious
congregation. It is not the case of the respondents that the first
deceased was driving the horse cart or was the owner of the
same, much less that it was being driven under her supervision.
The deceased were travelling as passengers along with others.
4
The fact that the horse cart may have been in middle of the road
at the time of the accident, no fault can be attributed to the
deceased holding them liable to contributory negligence and
denial of full compensation. We fail to understand how the
deceased who were passengers in the horse cart can be held
liable in any manner. The deduction of 50% towards contributory
negligence in both the appeals is therefore held to be totally
unjustified and unsustainable. The finding with regard to
contributory negligence against both the deceased are therefore
set aside.
9. The first deceased was a housewife aged about 30 years. In
Lata Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar, (2001) 8 SCC 197, this court
had observed that considering the multifarious services rendered
by housewives, even on a modest estimation, the income of a
housewife between the age group of 34 to 59 years who were
active in life should be assessed at Rs 36,000 per annum. A
distinction was also drawn with regard to elderly ladies in the age
group of 62 to 72 who would be more adept in discharge of
housewife duties by age and experience, and the value of services
rendered by them has been taken at Rs 20,000 per annum.
5
10. In Arun Kumar Agrawal vs. National Insurance Co.
Ltd., (2010) 9 SCC 218, the Tribunal assessed the notional
income of the housewife at Rs.5,000/ per month, but without
any rational or reasoning concluded that she was a nonearning
member and reduced the same to Rs.2,500/, which was affirmed
by the High Court. Disapproving the same and restoring the
assessed income, this Court observed at Paragraphs 26 and 27
as follows:
“26. In India the courts have recognised that the
contribution made by the wife to the house is
invaluable and cannot be computed in terms of
money. The gratuitous services rendered by the wife
with true love and affection to the children and her
husband and managing the household affairs
cannot be equated with the services rendered by
others. A wife/mother does not work by the clock.
She is in the constant attendance of the family
throughout the day and night unless she is
employed and is required to attend the employer’s
work for particular hours. She takes care of all the
requirements of the husband and children
including cooking of food, washing of clothes, etc.
She teaches small children and provides invaluable
guidance to them for their future life. A
housekeeper or maidservant can do the household
work, such as cooking food, washing clothes and
utensils, keeping the house clean, etc., but she can
never be a substitute for a wife/mother who
renders selfless service to her husband and
children.
6
27. It is not possible to quantify any amount in lieu
of the services rendered by the wife/mother to the
family i.e. the husband and children. However, for
the purpose of award of compensation to the
dependants, some pecuniary estimate has to be
made of the services of the housewife/mother. In
that context, the term “services” is required to be
given a broad meaning and must be construed by
taking into account the loss of personal care and
attention given by the deceased to her children as a
mother and to her husband as a wife. They are
entitled to adequate compensation in lieu of the
loss of gratuitous services rendered by the
deceased. The amount payable to the dependants
cannot be diminished on the ground that some
close relation like a grandmother may volunteer to
render some of the services to the family which the
deceased was giving earlier.”
11. The notional income of the first deceased is therefore held to
be Rs.5000/ per month at the time of death. The compensation
on that basis with a deduction of 1/4th i.e. Rs.15,000/ towards
personal expenses with a multiplier of 17 is assessed at
Rs.7,65,000/. If the deceased had survived, in view of
observations in Lata Wadhwa (supra), her skills as a matured
and skilled housewife in contributing to the welfare and care of
the family and in the upbringing of the children would have only
been enhanced by time and for which reason we hold that the
appellants shall be entitled to future prospects at the rate of 40%
in addition to the loss of consortium and future expenses already
7
granted. We therefore assess the total compensation payable to
the appellants in the first appeal at Rs.11,96,000/.
12. The second deceased was a school going child aged about
12 years. She had a whole future to look forward in life with all
normal human aspirations. She died prematurely due to the
accident at a very tender age for no fault of hers even before she
could start to understand the beauty and joys of life with all its
ups and downs. The loss of a human life untimely at childhood
can never be measured in terms of loss of earning or monetary
loss alone. The emotional attachments involved to the loss of the
child can have a devastating effect on the family which needs to
be visualised and understood. Grant of nonpecuniary damages
for the wrong done by awarding compensation for loss of
expectation in life is therefore called for. Undoubtedly the injury
inflicted by deprivation of the life of the child is very difficult to
quantify. The future also abounds with uncertainties. Therefore,
the courts have used the expression “just compensation” to get
over the difficulties in quantifying the figure to ensure
consistency and uniformity in awarding compensation. This
8
determination shall not depend upon financial position of the
victim or the claimant but rather on the capacity and ability of
the deceased to provide happiness in life to the claimants had
she remained alive. The compensation is for loss of prospective
happiness which the claimant would have enjoyed had the child
not died at the tender age. Since the child was studying in a
school and opportunities in life would undoubtedly abound for
her as the years would have rolled by, compensation must also
be granted with regard to future prospects. It can safely be
presumed that education would have only led to her better
growth and maturity with better prospects and a bright future for
which compensation needs to be granted under nonpecuniary
damages. (See R.K. Malik vs. Kiran Pal, (2009) 14 SCC 1).
13. The income of the minor girl child is incapable of precise
fixation. We find no reason to interfere with the assessed notional
income of the second deceased. In R.K. Malik vs. Kiran Pal,
(2009) 14 SCC 1, considering grant of future prospects for the
deceased child aged about 10 years it was observed as follows:
“32. A forceful submission has been made by the
learned counsel appearing for the appellant
9
claimants that both the Tribunal as well as the
High Court failed to consider the claims of the
appellants with regard to the future prospects of
the children. It has been submitted that the
evidence with regard to the same has been ignored
by the courts below.
33. On perusal of the evidence on record, we find
merit in such submission that the courts below
have overlooked that aspect of the matter while
granting compensation. It is wellsettled legal
principle that in addition to awarding
compensation for pecuniary losses, compensation
must also be granted with regard to the future
prospects of the children. It is incumbent upon the
courts to consider the said aspect while awarding
compensation…”
14. In New India Assurance Co. Ltd. vs. Satender, (2006) 13
SCC 60, the deceased victim of the accident was a nine year old
school going child. Considering the claim for loss of future
prospects in absence of a regular income, it was observed that
the compensation so determined had to be just and proper by a
judicious approach and not fixed arbitrarily or whimsically. The
uncertainties of a young life were noticed in the following terms:
“12. In cases of young children of tender age, in
view of uncertainties abound, neither their income
at the time of death nor the prospects of the future
increase in their income nor chances of
advancement of their career are capable of proper
determination on estimated basis. The reason is
that at such an early age, the uncertainties in
regard to their academic pursuits, achievements in
10
career and thereafter advancement in life are so
many that nothing can be assumed with
reasonable certainty. Therefore, neither the income
of the deceased child is capable of assessment on
estimated basis nor the financial loss suffered by
the parents is capable of mathematical
computation.”
15. The deduction on account of contributory negligence has
already been held by us to be unsustainable. The determination
of a just and proper compensation to the appellants with regard
to the deceased child, in the entirety of the facts and
circumstances of the case does not persuade us to enhance the
same any further from Rs.2,95,000/ by granting any further
compensation under the separate head of “future prospects”. It
may only be noticed that R.K. Malik (supra) does not consider
Satender (supra) on the grant of future prospects as far as
children are concerned.
16. Kajal (supra) is distinguishable on its own facts. The victim
of the accident was a nine month old child, whose disability
certificate reflected that she would grow up to be an adult lying
on the bed with all the physical and biological attributes of a
11
woman on attaining adulthood, but her mind would remain of a
nine month old child because of the accident. The case is
completely distinguishable on its own facts and did not arise out
of a death claim, leading to award of compensation towards
expenses for frequent treatment, hospitalization, transportation,
loss of future earnings, attendant charges, pain, suffering, loss of
amenities, loss of marriage prospects and future medical
treatment etc.
17. The Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 13964 of 2018 is
allowed and the Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 16261 of
2018 is allowed to the extent indicated only.
………………………..J.
(Navin Sinha)
………………………..J.
(B.R. Gavai)
New Delhi,
June 18, 2020
12
Comments