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Supreme Court of India
Ravindranatha Bajpe vs Mangalore Special Economic Zone … on 27 September, 2021Author: M.R. Shah

Bench: M.R. Shah, A.S. Bopanna

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS.1047-1048/2021

Ravindranatha Bajpe …Appellant

Versus
Mangalore Special Economic Zone Ltd. & Others Etc. …Respondents

JUDGMENT

M.R. SHAH, J.

1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment

and order dated 28.09.2015 passed by the High Court of Karnataka at

Bengaluru in Criminal Petition No. 3989/2014 and Criminal Petition No.

3990/2014, by which the High Court has dismissed the said revision

petitions and has confirmed the judgment and order passed by the

learned Sessions Court, by which the learned Sessions Court set aside
Signature Not Verified

the order passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class,
Digitally signed by R
Natarajan
Date: 2021.09.27
16:53:28 IST
Reason:

Mangalore dated 24.09.2013 issuing summons against original accused

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nos. 1 to 8 – respondents herein, the original complainant has preferred

the present appeals.

2. The facts leading to the present appeals in nutshell are as under:

That the appellant herein – original complainant filed a private

complaint against in all thirteen accused (accused nos. 1 to 13) in the

Court of the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Mangalore being

P.C. No. 119/2013 for the offences punishable under Sections 406, 418,

420, 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with Section 34 IPC. It was the case

on behalf of the complainant that he is the absolute owner and in

possession & enjoyment of the immovable property described in the

schedule attached to the private complaint and the schedule properties

were surrounded by a stone wall as boundary. That the schedule

properties are abutting Mangalore-Bajpe Old Airport Road. It was stated

that there were valuable trees on the schedule properties.

2.1 It was contended that the accused No.1 is a company incorporated

under the Companies Act and accused No.2 being Chairman and

accused No.3 being Managing Director and accused No.4 being Deputy

General Manager (Civil & Env.) of accused No.1 and accused No. 5 was

the planner and executor of the project work of accused No. 1.

2.2 It was stated that accused No. 6 is also a Company incorporated

under Companies Act. Accused No.7 was its chairman. Accused No 8

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was the Executive Director, Accused No. 9 was the Site supervisor of

accused No.6. Accused No.10 was the sub-contractor under accused

No.6 and accused Nos. 11 to 13 were the employees of accused No.10.

2.3 It was contended by the complainant that accused No.1 intended

to lay water pipeline by the side of Mangalore-Bajpe Old Airport Road

abutting the schedule properties. In that regard, he had obtained

permission from the Department of Public Works, Mangalore. Accused

No.2 on behalf of accused No.1 appointed accused No.6 as a contractor

for execution of the said project of laying the water pipe line. Accused

No.6 in turn authorized accused Nos. 7 and 8 to execute and oversee

the said work. They in turn had appointed accused No.9 as site

supervisor and the accused No.10 being the sub-contractor engaged

accused Nos. 11 to 13 as labourers. Accused Nos. 4 and 5 were

entrusted the work of supervision and overseeing the pipeline works

carried out by accused Nos. 6, 7 and 8 through accused Nos. 9 and 10

to 13. Accused Nos. 6 to 8 had put into service heavy machineries and

excavators and their vehicles for carrying out the work. It was contended

that accused Nos. 2 to 5 and 7 to 13 had conspired with common

intention to lay the pipeline beneath the schedule properties belonging to

the complainant without any lawful authority and right whatsoever. In

furtherance thereof, they had trespassed over the schedule properties

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and demolished the compound wall which was having the height of 7

feet and foundation of 2 feet to a distance of 500 metres. They had cut

and destroyed 100 valuable trees and laid pipeline beneath the schedule

properties. It was contended that when this high-handed act was

committed by the accused, the complainant was out of station and he

came back on 21.4.2012 and noticed the destructive activities. The

accused have committed the act of mischief and waste and caused

pecuniary loss of more than Rs.27 lakhs to the complainant. All the

accused are jointly and severally liable to make good the loss to the

complainant.

2.4 It was contended that the complainant had questioned the accused

about their high-handed acts. But they were indulged in criminal

intimidation by threatening the complainant of taking away his life if he

insists for making good the loss. Thereafter, the complainant filed a

complaint on 21.4.2012 before the SHO, Bajpe Police Station. No proper

enquiry was held by the police. But accused No.5 gave a statement

admitting the guilt and also undertaking to pay adequate compensation

to the complainant towards the damages caused to the property. The

said undertaking given by accused No.5 is binding on all the other

accused. But thereafter, the accused have not come forward to make

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good the loss and thereby, they have committed an act of criminal

breach of trust and cheating.

2.5 It was contended that the accused were having no right

whatsoever to commit trespass over the schedule properties and to

cause damage. Each one of the accused had common intention to lay

the pipeline by damaging the property of the complainant. With that

intention, they have committed criminal trespass and caused damages.

Therefore, the complainant prayed the learned trial Court to take

cognizance of the matter and to issue process against the accused. The

schedule properties described as immovable property were situated at

Malavur Bajpe Village of Mangalore Taluk comprised in Sy.No. 56/2,

measuring 7.50 acres, Sy. No, 178/2C measuring 1.76 acres, Sy.No.

50/6B measuring 1.15 acres with trees standing thereon.

2.6 That the complainant was examined on oath before the Court. As

many as nine documents came to be marked as ‘Exhibit C1 to C9’. That

the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Mangalore by order dated

24.09.2013 directed to register the case against all the accused, i.e,

accused nos. 1 to 13 for the offences punishable under Sections 427,

447, 506 and 120B read with Section 34 IPC.

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At this stage, it is required to be noted that original accused no.1

was a company incorporated under the Companies Act, original accused

nos. 2 & 3 being Chairman and Managing Director of Accused no.1-

company and accused no.4 was arrayed as an accused being Deputy

General Manager (Civil & Env.) of accused no.1. Accused No.5 was the

Planner and Executor of the project work of accused no.1. Likewise,

accused no. 6 was also a company incorporated under the Companies

Act, accused nos. 7 & 8 were arrayed as an accused being Chairman

and Executive Director respectively of accused no.6. Accused no.9 was

the Site Supervisor of accused no.6 and accused no.10 was the Sub-

Contractor under accused no.6 and accused nos. 11 to 13 were the

employees of accused no.10.

3. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the summoning order

passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Mangalore for the

offences punishable under Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with

Section 34 IPC, original accused nos. 1 to 5 preferred Criminal Revision

Petition No. 244/2013 and accused nos. 6 to 9 preferred Criminal

Revision Petition No. 245/2013 before the learned Sessions Court.

3.1 That the learned Sessions Court by its order dated 7.4.2014

allowed criminal revision petition no. 244/2013 and partly allowed

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criminal revision petition no. 245/2013 and quashed and set aside the

order passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Mangalore

insofar as same was against original accused nos. 1 to 8. The learned

Sessions Court thus confirmed the order passed by the learned Judicial

Magistrate, First Class, Mangalore insofar as accused no. 9 is

concerned.

4. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the common judgment and

order passed by the learned Sessions Court passed in Criminal Revision

Petition Nos. 244/2013 and 245/2013, the original complainant preferred

the present revision applications before the High Court and by the

impugned judgment and order, the High Court has dismissed the said

revision applications. Hence, the present appeals by the original

complainant.

5. Shri Shailesh Madiyal, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of

the original complainant has vehemently submitted that in the facts and

circumstances of the case both, the High Court as well as the learned

Sessions Court have materially erred in quashing and setting aside the

order passed by the learned Magistrate summoning accused nos. 1 to 8

which was issued for the offences punishable under Sections 427, 447,

506 and 120B read with Section 34 IPC.

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5.1 It is vehemently submitted that the High Court has not properly

appreciated and considered the fact that earlier the complainant filed an

FIR before the concerned police station but nothing was done and

therefore the complainant – appellant herein was constrained to file a

private complaint under Section 200 Cr.P.C.

5.2 It is submitted that the learned Magistrate after examining the

appellant – complainant on oath and after considering the

evidence/material on record issued summons against accused nos. 1 to

13 for the offences punishable under Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B

read with Section 34 IPC. It is submitted that therefore the learned

Sessions Court was not justified in setting aside the order passed by the

learned Magistrate summoning the accused.

5.3 It is further submitted that at the stage of summoning the accused,

what is required to be considered is whether a prima facie case is made

out on the basis of the statement of the complainant on oath and the

material produced at this stage and the detailed examination on merits is

not required.

5.4 It is further submitted by the learned counsel appearing on behalf

of the complainant that even otherwise there was a specific allegation in

the complaint that accused nos. 1 to 8 conspired with the co-accused to

lay the pipeline under the property of the complainant and therefore at

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the stage of issuing process/summons, the revisional court could not

have interfered with the order passed by the learned Magistrate

summoning the accused. It is submitted that being the administrators of

the companies, all the executives are vicariously liable.

5.5 Making the above submissions, it is prayed to allow the present

appeals and quash and set aside the orders passed by the High Court

and the learned Sessions Court and restore the order passed by the

learned Magistrate.

6. Shri Nishanth Patil, learned counsel appearing on behalf of

accused nos. 1 to 5 and Shri P.P. Hegde, learned counsel appearing on

behalf of accused nos. 6 to 8 respectively have vehemently submitted

that in the facts and circumstances of the case and more particularly

when it was found that there are no specific allegations and the role

attributed to the accused except the bald statement that all of them have

connived with each other, the learned Sessions Court was absolutely

justified in setting aside the order passed by the learned Magistrate

issuing the process/summons against accused nos. 1 to 8.

6.1 It is submitted that as held by this Court in catena of decisions that

issuing summons/process by the Court is a very serious matter and

therefore unless there are specific allegations and the role attributed to

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each accused more than the bald statement, the Magistrate ought not to

have issued the process.

6.2 It is submitted that so far as accused nos. 2 to 5 are concerned,

they were arrayed as an accused being Chairman, Managing Director,

Deputy General Manager (Civil & Env.) of accused no.1 and accused

no.5 is the Planner and executor of the project work and all of them were

stationed at Hyderabad at the time of the commission of the alleged

offence and there are no allegations that at the time of commission of

the alleged offence, they were present. It is submitted that similarly

accused nos. 7 & 8 were arrayed as an accused being Chairman and

Executive Director of accused no.6 who also were stationed at

Hyderabad at the time of commission of the alleged offence and there

are no allegations even against them that at the time of commission of

the alleged offence, they were present. It is submitted that even

accused no.7 was aged 82 years. Therefore, the learned Sessions

Court has rightly quashed and set aside the order passed by the learned

Magistrate issuing the process against accused nos. 1 to 8 herein for the

offences punishable under Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with

Section 34 IPC. Heavy reliance is placed on the decisions of this Court

in the cases of GHCL Employees Stock Option Trust v. India Infoline

Limited, (2013) 4 SCC 505; and Sunil Bharti Mittal v. Central Bureau of

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Investigation, (2015) 4 SCC 609.

7. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties at

length. We have also gone through and considered the allegations in

the complaint. It is required to be noted that the learned Magistrate

issued the process against the respondents – accused nos. 1 to 8 for the

offences punishable under Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with

Section 34 IPC. In the complaint, after narrating the description of the

accused, in paragraphs I to VIII, it is alleged in paragraph IX and XIII as

under:

IX. The accused Nos.2 to 5 and 7 to 13 have conspired with common
intention to lay the pipeline beneath the schedule properties belonging to
the complainant, without any lawful authority and right whatsoever. In
furtherance thereof they have committed trespass into schedule property
and demolished the stone compound wall of 7 feet height foundation of 3
feet height beneath the ground and 2 feet wide to the extent of about 500
meters and also cut and destroyed about 100 valuable trees and laid
pipeline beneath the schedule properties about to the extent of 500
meters. They have used heavy machineries for the above said destructive
activities in the schedule properties. When those accused have committed
the said offence the complainant was not in station and when he came
back on 21-4-2012, he noticed the above said destructive activities in his
properties. The accused have committed an act of mischief apart from
other offenses which caused the pecuniary loss not less than
Rs.27,00,000/- to the complainant. The complainant was not able to
cultivate his lands due to the threat of stray cattle’s and animals and
thereby he had suffered loss of 2 years paddy crops and vegetable
cultivation. As a result, the complainant has suffered nearly about
Rs.9,00,000/- and he will continue to suffer same loss till the compound is
reconstructed as before. All the accused jointly and severally are to make
good past and future loss to the complainant in terms of pecuniary
measures.
XIII. It is very pertinent to note that the accused had/has no right
whatsoever to commit to trespass into the schedule property and cause

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damage thereto as stated supra. Each one of them with common intention
to lay the pipeline by damaging the property of the complainant and
improvements thereof, have committed criminal trespass into the schedule
property and remained inside the property till the act of devastation was
complete.

7.1 Except the above allegations, there are no further allegations in the

complaint. It was not even the case on behalf of the complainant that at

the time when the compound wall was demolished and trees were cut,

accused nos. 2 to 5 and 7 & 8 were present. Except the bald statement

that accused nos. 2 to 5 and 7 & 8 have conspired with common

intention to lay the pipeline within the schedule properties belonging to

the complainant, without any lawful authority and right whatsoever and in

furtherance they have committed to trespass into the schedule properties

of the complainant and demolished the compound wall, there are no

other allegations that at that time they were present. Accused nos. 2 to 5

and 7 & 8 are stationed at Hyderabad. There are no further allegations

that at the command of A2 to A5 and A7 & A8, the demolition of the

compound wall has taken place. All of them are arrayed as an accused

as Chairman, Managing Director, Deputy General Manager (Civil & Env.),

Planner & Executor, Chairman and Executive Director respectively.

Therefore, as such, in absence of any specific allegations and the

specific role attributed to them, the learned Magistrate was not justified in

issuing process against accused nos. 1 to 8 for the offences punishable

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under Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with Section 34 IPC.

8. In the case of Sunil Bharti Mittal (supra), it is observed by this

Court in paragraphs 42 to 44 as under:

“(iii) Circumstances when Director/person in charge of the affairs of
the company can also be prosecuted, when the company is an
accused person

42. No doubt, a corporate entity is an artificial person which acts through
its officers, Directors, Managing Director, Chairman, etc. If such a
company commits an offence involving mens rea, it would normally be the
intent and action of that individual who would act on behalf of the
company. It would be more so, when the criminal act is that of conspiracy.
However, at the same time, it is the cardinal principle of criminal
jurisprudence that there is no vicarious liability unless the statute
specifically provides so.

43. Thus, an individual who has perpetrated the commission of an offence
on behalf of a company can be made an accused, along with the
company, if there is sufficient evidence of his active role coupled with
criminal intent. Second situation in which he can be implicated is in those
cases where the statutory regime itself attracts the doctrine of vicarious
liability, by specifically incorporating such a provision.

44. When the company is the offender, vicarious liability of the Directors
cannot be imputed automatically, in the absence of any statutory provision
to this effect. One such example is Section 141 of the Negotiable
Instruments Act, 1881. In Aneeta Hada v. Godfather Travels & Tours (P)
Ltd., (2012) 5 SCC 661, the Court noted that if a group of persons that
guide the business of the company have the criminal intent, that would be
imputed to the body corporate and it is in this backdrop, Section 141 of the
Negotiable Instruments Act has to be understood. Such a position is,
therefore, because of statutory intendment making it a deeming fiction.
Here also, the principle of “alter ego”, was applied only in one direction,
namely, where a group of persons that guide the business had criminal
intent, that is to be imputed to the body corporate and not the vice versa.
Otherwise, there has to be a specific act attributed to the Director or any
other person allegedly in control and management of the company, to the

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effect that such a person was responsible for the acts committed by or on
behalf of the company.”

8.1 In the case of Maksud Saiyed v. State of Gujarat, (2008) 5 SCC

668, in paragraph 13, it is observed and held as under:

“13. Where a jurisdiction is exercised on a complaint petition filed in terms
of Section 156(3) or Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the
Magistrate is required to apply his mind. The Penal Code does not contain
any provision for attaching vicarious liability on the part of the Managing
Director or the Directors of the Company when the accused is the
company. The learned Magistrate failed to pose unto himself the correct
question viz. as to whether the complaint petition, even if given face value
and taken to be correct in its entirety, would lead to the conclusion that the
respondents herein were personally liable for any offence. The Bank is a
body corporate. Vicarious liability of the Managing Director and Director
would arise provided any provision exists in that behalf in the statute.
Statutes indisputably must contain provision fixing such vicarious liabilities.
Even for the said purpose, it is obligatory on the part of the complainant to
make requisite allegations which would attract the provisions constituting
vicarious liability.”

8.2 As observed by this Court in the case of Pepsi Foods Ltd. v.

Special Judicial Magistrate, (1998) 5 SCC 749 and even thereafter in

catena of decisions, summoning of an accused in a criminal case is a

serious matter. Criminal Law cannot be set into motion as a matter of

course. In paragraph 28 in Pepsi Foods Limited (supra), it is observed

and held as under:

“28. Summoning of an accused in a criminal case is a serious matter.
Criminal law cannot be set into motion as a matter of course. It is not that
the complainant has to bring only two witnesses to support his allegations
in the complaint to have the criminal law set into motion. The order of the

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Magistrate summoning the accused must reflect that he has applied his
mind to the facts of the case and the law applicable thereto. He has to
examine the nature of allegations made in the complaint and the evidence
both oral and documentary in support thereof and would that be sufficient
for the complainant to succeed in bringing charge home to the accused. It
is not that the Magistrate is a silent spectator at the time of recording of
preliminary evidence before summoning of the accused. The Magistrate
has to carefully scrutinise the evidence brought on record and may even
himself put questions to the complainant and his witnesses to elicit
answers to find out the truthfulness of the allegations or otherwise and
then examine if any offence is prima facie committed by all or any of the
accused.”

8.3 As held by this Court in the case of India Infoline Limited (supra),

in the order issuing summons, the learned Magistrate has to record his

satisfaction about a prima facie case against the accused who are

Managing Director, the Company Secretary and the Directors of the

Company and the role played by them in their respective capacities

which is sine qua non for initiating criminal proceedings against them.

Looking to the averments and the allegations in the complaint, there are

no specific allegations and/or averments with respect to role played by

them in their capacity as Chairman, Managing Director, Executive

Director, Deputy General Manager and Planner & Executor. Merely

because they are Chairman, Managing Director/Executive Director

and/or Deputy General Manager and/or Planner/Supervisor of A1 & A6,

without any specific role attributed and the role played by them in their

capacity, they cannot be arrayed as an accused, more particularly they

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cannot be held vicariously liable for the offences committed by A1 & A6.

9. From the order passed by the learned Magistrate issuing the

process against the respondents herein – accused nos. 1 to 8, there

does not appear that the learned Magistrate has recorded his

satisfaction about a prima facie case against respondent nos. 2 to 5 and

7 & 8. Merely because respondent Nos. 2 to 5 and 7 & 8 are the

Chairman/Managing Director/Executive Director/Deputy General

Manager/Planner & Executor, automatically they cannot be held

vicariously liable, unless, as observed hereinabove, there are specific

allegations and averments against them with respect to their individual

role. Under the circumstances, the High Court has rightly dismissed the

revision applications and has rightly confirmed the order passed by the

learned Sessions Court quashing and setting aside the order passed by

the learned Magistrate issuing process against respondent nos. 1 to 8

herein – original accused nos. 1 to 8 for the offences punishable under

Sections 427, 447, 506 and 120B read with Section 34 IPC.

10. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the present

appeals deserve to be dismissed and are accordingly dismissed.

Needless to say, that the learned Magistrate shall proceed with the

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complaint against original accused nos. 9 to 13 on its own merits, in

accordance with law.

…………………………………J. [M.R. SHAH]

NEW DELHI; ………………………………….J.
SEPTEMBER 27, 2021. [A.S. BOPANNA]

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